This seminar will critically examine what we know about Rapa Nui's spectacular archaeological history. Over the past two decades, intensive multi-disciplinary research led by the instructor has dramatically transformed our understanding of this remarkable and often misunderstood island. This course reviews the evidence for Polynesian migrations and ancient American connections. We will examine Rapa Nui archaeology in detail, including how the massive statues (moai) were transported to every part of the island. And how did they place multi-ton "hats" (pukao) atop the giant statues? We consider deforestation, climate, and the constraints ancient islanders faced. Then our attention turns to the island's ancient population, resilience, and social life. We will conclude our class by contemplating Rapa Nui's contemporary problems and future challenges.